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91.
92.
Jishu-bosai-soshiki, or Jishubo for short, with a literal meaning of “autonomous organization for disaster reduction”, is a neighborhood association for
disaster preparedness and rescue activity. In this paper, the role of Jishubo in the context of participatory disaster management in Japan is discussed. Although the formation of Jishubo is not legally mandated, local governments exercise a great deal of persuasion on the inhabitants of their community to organize
and participate in disaster management activities. Therefore, participants in Jishubo activities tend to be guided and mobilized with a soft touch by local governments rather than being truly self-motivated,
with the objective of reducing disaster risks in their residential areas. There have been several studies on community participatory
management conducted in a number of countries, including New Zealand, the USA and Europe, which will serve as a reference
in our study. However interesting, the cultural comparison of the “Western” and “Japanese” approaches to community disaster
management, is beyond the scope of this paper, the aim of which is to determine a case of community disaster management in
Japan. This paper addresses the background behind the development of Jishubo and discusses the uniqueness and limits of this softly mobilized participatory movement in Japan. Based on a case study in
Kishiwada City, Osaka, the motivations driving people to participate in disaster management activities organized for Jishubo members is examined. In conclusion, we derive some policy implications and suggest possible approaches for improving the
effectiveness of Jishubo and increasing the motivation of people to participate. We also propose that the roles of administrative bodies in Japan,
such as non-profit organizations, be better incorporated into community’s participatory disaster reduction activities. 相似文献
93.
Ryutei Inui Takashi Nishida Norio Onikura Katsuhisa Eguchi Motoyoshi Kawagishi Masaya Nakatani Shin Oikawa 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010,86(3):467-476
We aim to understand the relationships between physical conditions and characteristics of the immature-fish community in surf zones of sandy beaches. Therefore, we obtained fish samples between March 2007 and February 2008 and analyzed certain physical conditions in the surf zones of 21 sandy beaches on the coastline of the northwestern Kyushu Island, Japan. We collected a total of 83 species and 6458 immature individuals. In a BIO-ENV analysis, the highest correlation was observed between fish assemblage and S20 (i.e., the slope from the shoreline to the sites where the depth was 20 m) and current velocity (CV) values. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the number of species and individuals decrease with an increase in the S20 and CV values. These results show that species richness and the abundance of immature-fish increase under shelving and calm conditions. Thus, immature-fish assemblages are strongly influenced by the prevailing physical conditions. Moreover, in six of the 10 dominant species, a negative correlation was observed between CV and abundance. On the other hand, S20 was found to be the explanatory variable only in the case of the most dominant species, i.e., Gymnogobius breunigii. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between S1 (i.e., the slope from the shoreline to the sites where the depth was 1.0 m at the mean tidal level) and median particle size (i.e., MPS of the sediments) and the abundances of Sillago japonica and Favonigobius gymnauchen, respectively, and a negative correlation with salinity, in the case of Acanthogobius lactipes. We conclude that the characteristics of the fish community in surf zones on sandy beaches are determined by not only the shelving and calm conditions, which influence fish assemblages and abundances, but also the habitat diversity, which influences the diversity of fish species. 相似文献
94.
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96.
Natural Hazards - Coastal forests can protect coastal areas from the effects of tsunamis. However, the coastal forests of Tohoku were destroyed by the Great East Japan Tsunami, which was triggered... 相似文献
97.
Wagner José Barreto Dílson Norio Ishikawa Andressa Clara Nicolau Evandro Domingues Magalhães Fabiana Inoue Paulo dos Santos Nora Rodolfo Funfas Sônia Regina Giancoli Barreto 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(7):608-613
In this study, the historical distribution of metals, phosphorous, and sulfur at four different depths in the sediments of different lakes formed in the course of an urban river (in Londrina, Parana State, Brazil) were determined. The transport of metals along the course of the river was observed mainly for Mn, Cr, and Zn. High concentrations of Pb in the Capivara Bay and Cr in the river were attributed to contamination from a battery plant and a tannery, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the deepest layers of the sediments remain high several years after deposition. 相似文献
98.
Yoshikuni Hodoki Kako Ohbayashi Norio Tanaka Hidenobu Kunii 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(1):127-134
This study examined the genetic diversity and composition of 15 populations of Zostera japonica in the Hii River system, Japan. Genetic and genotypic diversity were consistently higher in populations in the Ohashi River than those in Lake Nakaumi, and the local tidal movements may explain the observed patterns of genetic diversity. Pairwise fixation index values among the populations in Lake Nakaumi were higher than among those in the Ohashi River, even though the ranges of the distances among the populations in the two locations were almost the same. The gene flow from the Ohashi River populations was important for some populations in Lake Nakaumi. The low genotypic diversity and gene flow in Lake Nakaumi seemed similar to those of marginal populations. If this low genotypic diversity and genetic differentiation were partly caused by human activities, the promotion of gene flow should be taken into account in conserving the populations in Lake Nakaumi. 相似文献
99.
Peng K. Hong Seiji Sugita Yasuhito Sekine Naruhisa Takatoh Tetsuharu Fuse Hideyo Kawakita Eliot F. Young Kosuke Kurosawa Junichi Haruyama Toshihiko Kadono Shunichi Kamata Tomohiko Sekiguchi Hirotomo Noda 《Icarus》2011,214(1):21-29
The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission was an impact exploration searching for a volatile deposit in a permanently shadowed region (PSR) by excavating near-surface material. We conducted infrared spectral and imaging observations of the LCROSS impacts from 15 min before the first collision through 2 min after the second collision using the Subaru Telescope in order to measure ejecta dust and water. Such a ground-based observation is important because the viewing geometry and wavelength coverage are very different from the LCROSS spacecraft. We used the Echelle spectrograph with spectral resolution λ/Δλ ∼ 10,000 to observe the non-resonant H2O rotational emission lines near 2.9 μm and the slit viewer with a K′ filter for imaging observation of ejecta plumes. Pre-impact calculations using a homogeneous projectile predicted that 2000 kg of ejecta and 10 kg of H2O were excavated and thrown into the analyzed area immediately above the slit within the field of view (FOV) of the K′ imager and the FOV of spectrometer slit, respectively. However, no unambiguous emission line of H2O or dust was detected. The estimated upper limits of the amount of dust and H2O from the main Centaur impact were 800 kg and 40 kg for the 3σ of noise in the analyzed area within the imager FOV and in the slit FOV, respectively. If we take 1σ as detection limit, the upper limits are 300 kg and 14 kg, respectively. Although the upper limit for water mass is comparable to a prediction by a standard theoretical prediction, that for dust mass is significantly smaller than that predicted by a standard impact theory. This discrepancy in ejecta dust mass between a theoretical prediction and our observation result suggests that the cratering process induced by the LCROSS impacts may have been substantially different from the standard cratering theory, possibly because of its hollow projectile structure. 相似文献
100.
To evaluate favorable environmental conditions for the chemical evolution of life, we studied the effects of pH and temperature on the dimerization rate of glycine (Gly: NH2-CH2-COOH), one of the simplest amino acids. Gly dimerizes to form glycylglycine (GlyGly), and GlyGly further reacts to form diketopiperazine (DKP). Gly solutions with pH ranging from 3.1 to 10.9 were heated for 1-14 days at 140 °C, and changes in concentrations of Gly, GlyGly, and DKP were evaluated. At pH 9.8, the experiments were conducted at 120, 140, 160, and 180 °C. The dimerization rate of Gly was nearly constant at pH 3-7 and increased with increasing pH from 7 to 9.8 and then decreased with further increases in pH. To elucidate the reason for this pH dependency, we evaluated the role of the three dissociation states of Gly (cationic state: Gly+, zwitterionic state: Gly±, and anionic state: Gly−). For pH >6, the dominant forms are Gly± and Gly−, and the molar fraction of Gly± decreases and that of Gly− increases with increasing pH. The dimerization rate was determined for each dissociation state. The reaction between Gly± and Gly− was found to be the fastest; the rate constant of the reaction between Gly± and Gly− was 10 times the size of that between Gly− and Gly− and 98 times that between Gly± and Gly±. The dimerization rate became greatest at pH 9.8 because the molar fractions of Gly± and Gly− are approximately equal at this pH. The dimerization rate increased with temperature, and an activation energy of 88 kJ mol−1 was obtained. Based on these results and previous reports on the stability of amino acids under hydrothermal conditions, we determined that Gly dimerizes most efficiently under alkaline pH (∼9.8) at about 150 °C. 相似文献